«En el calor apocalíptico del verano de Santiago, bebiendo una cerveza de medio pelo, una cerveza para los golpeados estratos C3 y D, ingresé en las páginas de «La Abandonada», donde, para mi suerte, nunca dejaba de nevar. La novela, fui descubriendo, gira en torno a Susana Ivanovna, una moscovita joven, bella, inteligente y de buen gusto artístico, cuyo destino está marcado por ser la hija no reconocida de un aristócrata ruso y de una inmigrante judía centroeuropea, mostrándonos la poco afortunada situación de la mujer en la sociedad rusa de la primera mitad del siglo XIX.»
Años de años que no leía una novela rusa decimonónica y hace unos días, tras un paso por un mesón de libros en oferta, me encontré con La Abandonada, de Iván Turguéniev, narración desconocida para mí hasta ahora, disponiéndome a la lectura de sus breves y precisos capítulos apenas crucé la puerta de mi casa. El texto, es necesario precisar, fue editado por Alcalá Grupo Editorial en 2015 (España), tratándose de una “retraducción”, pues consiste en la traducción al español que Dmitry Záitsev hiciera de la versión en inglés de Cedric Fernsby que, imagino y espero, habrá trasladado directamente del ruso. ¿Me desalentó este detalle? No, puesto que me encuentro en una etapa en que no me interesa ser un purista de ninguna cosa. El ripio es necesario. El viento que desordena el prado es necesario.
En el calor apocalíptico del verano de Santiago, bebiendo una cerveza de medio pelo, una cerveza para los golpeados estratos C3 y D, ingresé en las páginas de La Abandonada, donde, para mi suerte, nunca dejaba de nevar. La novela, fui descubriendo, gira en torno a Susana Ivanovna, una moscovita joven, bella, inteligente y de buen gusto artístico, cuyo destino está marcado por ser la hija no reconocida de un aristócrata ruso y de una inmigrante judía centroeuropea, mostrándonos la poco afortunada situación de la mujer en la sociedad rusa de la primera mitad del siglo XIX.
Contada como una historia de amor que termina en tragedia, al recorrer las páginas de La Abandonada el lector o lectora se enfrentará a algunos efectos de los mecanismos de sometimiento femenino vigentes en la época. La ley zarista, sostén junto a la religión de tales mecanismos, indicaba que la mujer debía obedecer a su esposo como jefe de familia, siendo amante, dócil y cortés. En este contexto, como señala Irati Zuriarrain en un artículo publicado en la revista digital Arteka: “El marido era dueño de todo lo que su mujer podía poseer o heredar, y necesitaba el permiso de este tanto para trabajar como para tener un pasaporte.” Menos derechos aún, por cierto, tenían las solteras como Susana Ivanovna, que dependían completamente de sus padres o tutores legales. La revolución rusa, décadas más tarde, generó cambios profundos en estos aspectos, dando un trato más igualitario a la mujer respecto del hombre, pero esa es otra historia. En lo relativo a La abandonada, estas normas -que funcionaban como barrotes o cepos- determinan el nefasto destino de la protagonista de la novela, cuya existencia depende exclusivamente de la voluntad masculina, descrita como poco ética, por decir lo menos, por el también autor de Padres e hijos.
Una de las pocas salidas esperanzadoras para Susana Ivanovna, y para las féminas no casadas de la época, consistía en la llegada del amor romántico y su consumación mediante el matrimonio, asunto que no las liberaría, por cierto, de las cadenas patriarcales, pero al menos (supuestamente) haría estas más livianas, más llevaderas. Esa era la ilusión. En el caso de la protagonista de la novela, esta ilusión -que nace leyendo novelas de Walter Scott a su amado enfermo- se quiebra y la joven queda, según la cita de Shakespeare que hace el novelista ruso, cual blanca paloma perdida en medio de una bandada de cuervos negros: su padre biológico, que la utiliza y la abandona; su padre adoptivo, que la maltrata y la explota como recurso económico; su tío paterno, que pretende convertirla en su querida; su hermano, que es un vago en busca de dinero fácil; su nuevo e indolente pretendiente, un tipo irresoluto y desapasionado, incapaz de jugársela por su relación. En estas condiciones, la joven da testimonio de su vida -que hoy llamaríamos subalterna- y luego, ante la muerte del amor romántico, busca una salida diferente, una que la libere de su condición de mujer, sensible e inteligente, en medio de un mundo masculino cabrón y burdo.
Terminé de leer los veintiocho capítulos de la novela al anochecer. La sensación que me quedó fue de pesadumbre, pues La abandonada, texto bien narrado, con observaciones agudas y sin ornamentos barrocos, es solo una muestra del sometimiento que las mujeres históricamente han sufrido y siguen sufriendo en nuestro planeta, puesto que a pesar del avance logrado por las féminas en algunos países, subsisten enormes zonas geográficas y culturales donde se ha avanzado poco y nada en sus derechos y la mujer sigue completamente a la sombra del patriarcado y la religión, fenómeno que Iván Turguéniev, el más europeísta de los narradores rusos decimonónicos, supo detectar y documentar cuando muy pocos se interesaba por el tema.





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